The treatment

In medicine, treatment or therapy (Greek θεραπεία / therapeia = treatment) is the set of media of any kind, hygienic, pharmacological, surgical or physical processes (see physical therapy) aimed at cure or relief (palliation) of disease or symptoms when a diagnosis has been reached. Are synonymous: therapy, therapeutic, healing, healing method.

Types of treatment

acupuncture

surgery or surgery         

diet

drug therapy or drug treatment

physiotherapy

phytotherapy

hydrotherapy

orthopedics

prosthesis: dental, glasses, etc.

psychotherapy

chemotherapy

radiotherapy

rehabilitation or physical therapy.

resting at home

serotherapy

occupational therapy

Ways to apply treatments

Individual therapy is applied to a single patient.

Group therapy is applied to several patients at once.

Alternative treatment is prescribed by a person without medical training generally approved, and no scientific proof of its effectiveness.

Specific treatment is directed at treating the underlying cause of the disease. Can be curative or palliative.

Palliative treatment is one that seeks to alleviate or offer the maximum comfort to the patient because you can not achieve a cure.

Radical treatment is trying to eradicate the disease.

Symptomatic treatment is soothing and relieves symptoms in diseases or who are unknown or have no effective treatment.

Treatment problems

therapeutic cascade

contraindication

adverse effect

side effect

iatrogenic

drug interactions

polypharmacy

Adverse drug reaction (ADR)

immunological therapy

The available treatment that has proven to be the best for the immune health is a potent anti-HIV therapy. Studies show that its use can increase CD4 + cell counts, reduce immune activation associated with the progress of the disease, and help the immune system to control infections graves.En theory, HIV therapy accomplishes this by slowing the destruccióndel immune system, allowing it to repair and strengthen itself.

Increasingly, HIV therapy is being used in more advanced stages of the disease, once it has been a significant damage to the immune system. The main reason for delaying the use of therapy are concerns about side effects. However, some people choose to start therapy earlier in the hope of preventing the destruction of the immune system. This is reasonable, but could eventually pay a price in terms of side effects, drug resistance, and impact on quality of life taking these medications.

Other therapies that have not been tested but are being studied include interleukin-2, human growth hormone, and therapeutic vaccines against HIV. This list is not exhaustive, nor does it include the many immunological therapies has long been studied.

Interleukin-2

Interleukin-2 (IL-2, Proleukin) is a natural immune chemical, which greatly improves the production of CD4 + counts increased in people taking anti-HIV therapy. This is the most immune therapy is being studied for HIV. Two large international studies are underway to determine whether IL-2 can enhance and extend quality of life in people with HIV. Some evidence suggests that it may also extend the lifespan of CD4 + cells.

HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE

Human growth hormone (HGH, Serostim) is approved for the wasting syndrome and weight loss due to HIV. Some recent observations that could increase the size and operation of a major immune organ called the thymus, has led to the study of HGH for immune restoration in persons with HIV. The thymus is located behind the breastbone and in front of the heart. CD4 + (T cells) originate in bone marrow and then move to the thymus where they mature. (This is why they are called T cells, the T stands for thymus or thymocyte.) Without the proper functioning of the thymus, it is doubtful that a person with a weakened immune system can achieve immune restoration.

Disease Control

Prevention of disease is a primary care strategy, which is effective in the comprehensive care of people. This considers the human being from a biopsychosocial perspective and interrelates the promotion, prevention, treatment, rehabilitation and social reintegration with the different structures and levels of the NHS.

Therefore it is said that prevention involves health promotion and timely diagnose and treat a patient, also rehabilitate and prevent complications or sequelae of their illness, through its various levels of interven

routes of drug administration

The routes of administration of drugs are the drug routes into the body, which affects the latency, intensity and duration of effect, therefore it is of utmost importance to know its advantages and disadvantages as well which of the routes of administration drugs used in a particular situation.

Routes of Drug Administration-Definition

Route of Entry or the means by which drugs are introduced into the body to produce its effects

Parameters affected by route of drug administration:

- Speed ​​of drug action

- Effectiveness of the drug

- Adverse effects of drugs

Routes of Drug Administration-Classification

enteral:

Drugs are introduced into the body through natural orifices of the body.

Concerning or relating to the bowel or gastrointestinal tract.

  - ORAL      

  - SUBLINGUAL

  - RECTAL

parenteral:

The drugs to be introduced into the body, requires the use of a hollow hypodermic needle, a hole is created in the body unnatural.

Different or parallel to the bowel or gastrointestinal tract.

Intramuscular, intraperitoneal

Subcutaneous, Intra-

Intravascular Intrapleural

intraosseous intravenous

Intrathecal intraarterial

intracardiac intralymphatic

topical:

Medication is applied to skin or mucous membranes for a local effect.

Example topical routes:

hearing Conjunctiva

nasal Colon

vaginal Urethra

Bladder skin

Transdermal medications are applied to the skin for a systemic effect.

Routes of Drug Administration-ORAL

advantages:

comfortable, simple, convenient, common economic, safe, secure, allows self

disadvantages:

irritation, irregular absorption, stomach pH, presence of food, enzymatic destruction, first-pass effect, destroying bacteria, lack of patient cooperation

. Routes of Drug Administration, Sublingual

advantages:

avoids hepatic first pass effect, rapid absorption, rapid effect, thin epithelium, large irrigation

disadvantages:

small absorption area, not all drugs can be administered by this route

Routes of Drug Administration-Rectal

. advantages:

useful in patients unable to swallow, in vomiting, unconscious patients,

disadvantages:

irritation, uncomfortable, irregular and incomplete absorption (fecal bacteria), can undergo first-pass hepatic

Routes of Parenteral Drug Administration-

advantages:

rapid effect, useful in emergency treatment, rapid absorption, avoid liver first pass effect, useful in unconscious patients

disadvantages:

asepsis, painful, expensive, does not allow self-administration requires trained staff or trained

Routes of Intravenous Drug Administration-

advantage:

no absorption, rapid effect, you can manage large volumes irritant solutions, you can adjust the dose

disadvantages:

risk of adverse reactions is high, you can easily reverse the effect, you can not manage or insoluble oily substances, the administration should be slow

Routes of Drug Administration, Subcutaneous

advantages:

prolonged and sustained effect

disadvantages:

not to manage large volumes, or irritating substances, absorption is slow

Routes of Drug Administration-Intramuscular

advantages:

highly irrigated tissue, administration of oily substances, and some irritants, prolonged and sustained effect

disadvantages:

interfere with anticoagulants

Routes of Drug Administration, Intraperitoneal

advantages:

wide absorption surface epithelium thin, high vascularity, useful in research, rapid absorption.

disadvantages:

irritation, undergoes first-pass liver, organ perforation, infection, adhesions, it is frequently used in humans

Drugs

Analgesic anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

NSAIDs are a group of drugs that inhibit cyclooxygenase and prevent the synthesis of prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane, by this action are in clinical use in common conditions of pain, inflammation and fever. This paper describes the pharmacological properties of NSAIDs, including: examples of drugs, pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, precautions, contraindications, drug interactions and therapeutic uses.

Anti-inflammatory analgesics (NSAIDs)

  CYCLOOXYGENASE of fatty acids or the prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase

  CONSTITUENT or cyclooxygenase 1: Present in blood vessels, kidney, platelets, stomach

Induced or cyclooxygenase 2: present during inflammation by cytokines and inflammatory mediators

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit unselectively 1 and 2 isoforms of cyclooxygenase.

Anti-inflammatory analgesics (NSAIDs)

Therapeutic

  fever

Inflammation: rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, treatment of gout, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, tendinitis